Apache Kafka® metrics sent to Datadog
When you configure a Datadog service integration for Aiven for Apache Kafka®, Aiven sends Kafka metrics to Datadog. You can also customize selected metrics using the Aiven CLI.
Prerequisites
- A running Aiven for Apache Kafka® service
- A Datadog account
- A Datadog API key
- A Datadog integration endpoint
Datadog integration is not available for new Startup-2 plans in Aiven for Apache Kafka®.
Existing customers who already use Startup-2 with Datadog integration can continue to create Startup-2 services with Datadog integration and use their existing services without upgrading to a higher plan.
Aiven recommends Business-4 or higher for Aiven for Apache Kafka® services with Datadog integration to avoid resource pressure on Startup-2 plans.
If you are an existing customer and cannot create a Startup-2 service with Datadog integration in a new project, contact Aiven Support.
Metrics sent to Datadog
When you configure a Datadog integration for your Aiven for Apache Kafka® service, Aiven collects Kafka metrics covering broker throughput, request handling, replication, the controller, consumers, producers, the JVM, quotas, and tiered storage.
Datadog uses a different naming convention from Prometheus metrics. Metrics in this section are grouped by category to help you find the relevant Datadog metric.
The available metrics depend on your Apache Kafka version, service configuration, and metadata mode:
- KRaft controller metrics apply to services running in KRaft mode (Apache Kafka 3.9 and later).
- Group coordinator metrics apply to the new group coordinator (Apache Kafka 4.x and later).
- ZooKeeper metrics apply only to services running in ZooKeeper mode.
Broker throughput metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.messages_in.rate | Rate of messages received by the broker |
kafka.net.bytes_in.rate | Rate of bytes received by the broker across all topics |
kafka.net.bytes_out.rate | Rate of bytes sent by the broker across all topics |
kafka.net.bytes_rejected.rate | Rate of bytes rejected by the broker |
kafka.net.processor.avg.idle.pct.rate | Average idle percentage of network processor threads |
Per-topic throughput metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.topic.messages_in.rate | Rate of incoming messages per topic (tagged by topic and partition) |
kafka.topic.net.bytes_in.rate | Rate of incoming bytes per topic |
kafka.topic.net.bytes_out.rate | Rate of outgoing bytes per topic |
kafka.topic.net.bytes_rejected.rate | Rate of rejected bytes per topic |
Request handling metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.request.channel.queue.size | Number of requests in the request queue |
kafka.request.handler.avg.idle.pct.rate | Average idle percentage of request handler threads (1-minute rate) |
kafka.request.produce.rate | Rate of Produce requests |
kafka.request.produce.failed.rate | Rate of failed Produce requests |
kafka.request.produce.time.avg | Average total time for Produce requests (ms) |
kafka.request.produce.time.99percentile | 99th-percentile total time for Produce requests (ms) |
kafka.request.fetch_consumer.rate | Rate of FetchConsumer requests |
kafka.request.fetch_consumer.time.avg | Average total time for FetchConsumer requests (ms) |
kafka.request.fetch_consumer.time.99percentile | 99th-percentile total time for FetchConsumer requests (ms) |
kafka.request.fetch_follower.rate | Rate of FetchFollower requests |
kafka.request.fetch_follower.time.avg | Average total time for FetchFollower requests (ms) |
kafka.request.fetch_follower.time.99percentile | 99th-percentile total time for FetchFollower requests (ms) |
kafka.request.fetch.failed.rate | Rate of failed Fetch requests |
kafka.request.metadata.time.avg | Average total time for Metadata requests (ms) |
kafka.request.metadata.time.99percentile | 99th-percentile total time for Metadata requests (ms) |
kafka.request.offsets.time.avg | Average total time for Offsets requests (ms) |
kafka.request.offsets.time.99percentile | 99th-percentile total time for Offsets requests (ms) |
kafka.request.update_metadata.time.avg | Average total time for UpdateMetadata requests (ms) |
kafka.request.update_metadata.time.99percentile | 99th-percentile total time for UpdateMetadata requests (ms) |
kafka.request.producer_request_purgatory.size | Number of requests waiting in the producer purgatory |
kafka.request.fetch_request_purgatory.size | Number of requests waiting in the fetch purgatory |
Replication metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.replication.active_controller_count | Number of active controllers (should be 1) |
kafka.replication.leader_count | Number of partitions for which this broker is the leader |
kafka.replication.partition_count | Number of partitions on this broker |
kafka.replication.under_replicated_partitions | Number of under-replicated partitions |
kafka.replication.offline_partitions_count | Number of offline partitions |
kafka.replication.isr_expands.rate | Rate of in-sync replica (ISR) expand events |
kafka.replication.isr_shrinks.rate | Rate of ISR shrink events |
kafka.replication.leader_elections.rate | Rate of leader elections |
kafka.replication.unclean_leader_elections.rate | Rate of unclean leader elections. Unclean leader elections can lead to data loss |
kafka.replication.max_lag | Maximum replication lag across all followers |
KRaft controller metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.controller.active_broker_count | Number of active brokers |
kafka.controller.global_topic_count | Total number of topics |
kafka.controller.global_partition_count | Total number of partitions |
kafka.controller.topics_to_delete_count | Number of topics pending deletion |
kafka.controller.replicas_to_delete_count | Number of replicas pending deletion |
kafka.controller.election_from_eligible_leader_replicas_per_sec | Rate of leader elections from eligible replicas |
Group coordinator metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.group_count | Total number of consumer groups |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.consumer_group_count | Number of consumer groups in the new protocol |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.consumer_group_rebalance_count | Total count of consumer group rebalances |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.consumer_group_rebalance_rate | Rate of consumer group rebalances |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.group_completed_rebalance_count | Total count of completed group rebalances |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.group_completed_rebalance_rate | Rate of completed group rebalances |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.streams_group_count | Number of Kafka Streams groups |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.streams_group_rebalance_count | Total count of Kafka Streams group rebalances |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.streams_group_rebalance_rate | Rate of Kafka Streams group rebalances |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.offset_commit_count | Total count of offset commits |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.offset_commit_rate | Rate of offset commits |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.offset_deletion_count | Total count of offset deletions |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.offset_deletion_rate | Rate of offset deletions |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.offset_expiration_count | Total count of offset expirations |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.offset_expiration_rate | Rate of offset expirations |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.num_partitions | Number of partitions managed by the group coordinator |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.partition_load_time_avg | Average partition load time for the group coordinator (ms) |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.partition_load_time_max | Maximum partition load time for the group coordinator (ms) |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.batch_flush_rate | Rate of batch flushes in the group coordinator |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.batch_flush_time_ms_max | Maximum batch flush time in the group coordinator (ms) |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.batch_linger_time_ms_max | Maximum batch linger time in the group coordinator (ms) |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.event_processing_time_ms_max | Maximum event processing time in the group coordinator (ms) |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.event_purgatory_time_ms_max | Maximum time events spent in the group coordinator purgatory (ms) |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.event_queue_size | Size of the group coordinator event queue |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.event_queue_time_ms_max | Maximum time events waited in the group coordinator queue (ms) |
kafka.server.group_coordinator_metrics.thread_idle_ratio_avg | Average idle ratio of group coordinator threads |
Group metadata manager metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.server.group_metadata_manager.num_groups | Number of consumer groups managed by this broker |
kafka.server.group_metadata_manager.num_groups_preparing_rebalance | Number of consumer groups preparing for rebalance |
kafka.server.group_metadata_manager.num_offsets | Number of committed offsets stored by this broker |
Log metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.log.flush_rate.rate | Rate of log flush operations |
Per-partition log size and offset metrics (kafka.log.log_size, kafka.log.log_start_offset,
and kafka.log.log_end_offset) are not collected by default. You can enable them by
configuring the Datadog integration. See
Configurable custom metrics.
JVM metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
jvm.heap_memory | Heap memory used (bytes) |
jvm.heap_memory_committed | Heap memory committed (bytes) |
jvm.heap_memory_init | Heap memory initially requested (bytes) |
jvm.heap_memory_max | Maximum heap memory (bytes) |
jvm.non_heap_memory | Non-heap memory used (bytes) |
jvm.non_heap_memory_committed | Non-heap memory committed (bytes) |
jvm.non_heap_memory_init | Non-heap memory initially requested (bytes) |
jvm.non_heap_memory_max | Maximum non-heap memory (bytes) |
jvm.gc.cms.count | Number of concurrent (CMS) garbage collections |
jvm.gc.parnew.time | Time spent in ParNew garbage collection (ms) |
jvm.gc.eden_size | Size of the eden space (bytes) |
jvm.gc.survivor_size | Size of the survivor space (bytes) |
jvm.gc.old_gen_size | Size of the old generation (bytes) |
jvm.gc.metaspace_size | Size of the metaspace (bytes) |
jvm.buffer_pool.direct.capacity | Capacity of direct buffer pools (bytes) |
jvm.buffer_pool.direct.count | Number of direct buffers in the pool |
jvm.buffer_pool.direct.used | Memory used by direct buffer pools (bytes) |
jvm.buffer_pool.mapped.capacity | Capacity of mapped buffer pools (bytes) |
jvm.buffer_pool.mapped.count | Number of mapped buffers in the pool |
jvm.buffer_pool.mapped.used | Memory used by mapped buffer pools (bytes) |
jvm.cpu_load.process | JVM process CPU load |
jvm.cpu_load.system | System CPU load |
jvm.thread_count | Number of live JVM threads |
jvm.loaded_classes | Number of currently loaded classes |
jvm.unloaded_classes | Number of classes unloaded since JVM start |
jvm.os.open_file_descriptors | Number of open file descriptors |
Quota metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.bandwidth.quota.byte.rate | Bandwidth quota byte rate per client or user |
kafka.bandwidth.quota.throttle.time | Bandwidth quota throttle time per client or user (ms) |
kafka.request.quota.request.time | Request quota request time per client or user (ms) |
kafka.request.quota.throttle.time | Request quota throttle time per client or user (ms) |
Producer metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.producer.request_rate | Producer request rate |
kafka.producer.response_rate | Producer response rate |
kafka.producer.request_latency_avg | Average producer request latency (ms) |
kafka.producer.request_latency_max | Maximum producer request latency (ms) |
kafka.producer.requests_in_flight | Number of producer requests in flight |
kafka.producer.message_rate | Rate of messages sent by producers |
kafka.producer.bytes_out | Rate of bytes sent by producers |
kafka.producer.record_send_rate | Rate of records sent per topic (tagged by topic and partition) |
kafka.producer.records_send_rate | Rate of records sent by producers |
kafka.producer.records_per_request | Average records per producer request |
kafka.producer.record_error_rate | Rate of errored producer records |
kafka.producer.record_retry_rate | Rate of retried producer records |
kafka.producer.record_size_avg | Average producer record size (bytes) |
kafka.producer.record_size_max | Maximum producer record size (bytes) |
kafka.producer.record_queue_time_avg | Average record queue time for producers (ms) |
kafka.producer.record_queue_time_max | Maximum record queue time for producers (ms) |
kafka.producer.batch_size_avg | Average batch size for producers (bytes) |
kafka.producer.batch_size_max | Maximum batch size for producers (bytes) |
kafka.producer.compression_rate | Compression rate per topic (tagged by topic and partition) |
kafka.producer.compression_rate_avg | Average compression rate for producers |
kafka.producer.available_buffer_bytes | Available producer buffer memory (bytes) |
kafka.producer.buffer_bytes_total | Total producer buffer memory (bytes) |
kafka.producer.bufferpool_wait_time | Time producer threads blocked on the buffer pool (ms) |
kafka.producer.waiting_threads | Number of waiting producer threads |
kafka.producer.io_wait | Average I/O wait time for producers (ns) |
kafka.producer.metadata_age | Age of producer metadata (seconds) |
kafka.producer.throttle_time_avg | Average producer throttle time (ms) |
kafka.producer.throttle_time_max | Maximum producer throttle time (ms) |
Consumer metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.consumer.messages_in | Rate of messages consumed |
kafka.consumer.bytes_in | Rate of bytes consumed |
kafka.consumer.bytes_consumed | Rate of bytes consumed per topic (tagged by topic and partition) |
kafka.consumer.records_consumed | Rate of records consumed per topic (tagged by topic and partition) |
kafka.consumer.records_per_request_avg | Average records per fetch request per topic (tagged by topic and partition) |
kafka.consumer.fetch_rate | Consumer fetch rate |
kafka.consumer.fetch_size_avg | Average fetch size per topic (tagged by topic and partition) |
kafka.consumer.fetch_size_max | Maximum fetch size per topic (tagged by topic and partition) |
kafka.consumer.max_lag | Maximum consumer lag |
kafka.consumer.kafka_commits | Rate of offset commits through Kafka (legacy) |
kafka.consumer.zookeeper_commits | Rate of offset commits through ZooKeeper (legacy) |
Some client-side producer and consumer metrics require additional configuration to appear in Datadog. See Add client-side Apache Kafka® producer and consumer Datadog metrics.
Consumer lag and offset metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.broker_offset | Latest offset on the broker for a topic-partition (tagged by topic and partition) |
kafka.consumer_offset | Committed consumer offset for a topic-partition (tagged by topic and partition) |
kafka.consumer_lag | Consumer lag in messages (tagged by topic and partition) |
ZooKeeper metrics
These metrics apply only to services running in ZooKeeper mode.
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.session.zookeeper.disconnect.rate | Rate of ZooKeeper disconnections |
kafka.session.zookeeper.expire.rate | Rate of ZooKeeper session expirations |
kafka.session.zookeeper.readonly.rate | Rate of ZooKeeper read-only connections |
kafka.session.zookeeper.sync.rate | Rate of ZooKeeper sync connections |
Tiered storage metrics
For services with tiered storage enabled, the following metrics are collected automatically to monitor the health and performance of tiered storage operations.
Throughput metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_copy_bytes.rate | Rate of bytes copied to remote storage |
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_copy_requests.rate | Rate of copy requests to remote storage |
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_fetch_bytes.rate | Rate of bytes fetched from remote storage |
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_fetch_requests.rate | Rate of fetch requests from remote storage |
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_delete_requests.rate | Rate of delete requests to remote storage |
kafka.tiered_storage.build_remote_log_aux_state_requests.rate | Rate of remote log aux-state build requests |
Error metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_copy_errors.rate | Rate of errors when copying segments to remote storage |
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_fetch_errors.rate | Rate of errors when fetching segments from remote storage |
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_delete_errors.rate | Rate of errors when deleting segments from remote storage |
kafka.tiered_storage.build_remote_log_aux_state_errors.rate | Rate of errors rebuilding remote log auxiliary state |
Lag metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_copy_lag_bytes | Bytes eligible for tiering but not yet copied |
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_copy_lag_segments | Segments eligible for tiering but not yet copied |
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_delete_lag_bytes | Bytes eligible for deletion but not yet deleted |
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_delete_lag_segments | Segments eligible for deletion but not yet deleted |
Storage metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_log_size_bytes | Total size of remote log in bytes |
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_log_size_computation_time | Time taken to compute remote log size (ms) |
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_log_metadata_count | Number of remote log metadata entries |
Thread pool metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_log_manager_tasks_avg_idle_percent | Average idle percentage of remote log manager task threads |
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_log_reader_avg_idle_percent | Average idle percentage of remote log reader threads |
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_log_reader_task_queue_size | Size of the remote log reader task queue |
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_log_reader_fetch.rate | Rate of remote log reader fetch operations |
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_log_reader_fetch_time_avg | Average time for remote log reader fetch operations (ms) |
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_log_reader_fetch_time_99percentile | 99th-percentile time for remote log reader fetch (ms) |
kafka.tiered_storage.delayed_remote_fetch_expires.rate | Rate of expired delayed remote fetch operations |
Throttling metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_copy_throttle_time_avg | Average copy throttle time for remote storage (ms) |
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_copy_throttle_time_max | Maximum copy throttle time for remote storage (ms) |
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_fetch_throttle_time_avg | Average fetch throttle time for remote storage (ms) |
kafka.tiered_storage.remote_fetch_throttle_time_max | Maximum fetch throttle time for remote storage (ms) |
Cache metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.tiered_storage.cache.chunk_cache_size | Total size of the chunk cache |
kafka.tiered_storage.cache.chunk_cache_hits | Chunk cache hit count |
kafka.tiered_storage.cache.chunk_cache_misses | Chunk cache miss count |
kafka.tiered_storage.cache.chunk_cache_evictions | Chunk cache eviction count |
kafka.tiered_storage.cache.chunk_cache_eviction_weight | Total eviction weight from the chunk cache |
kafka.tiered_storage.cache.segment_manifest_cache_size | Total size of the segment manifest cache |
kafka.tiered_storage.cache.segment_manifest_cache_hits | Segment manifest cache hit count |
kafka.tiered_storage.cache.segment_manifest_cache_misses | Segment manifest cache miss count |
kafka.tiered_storage.cache.segment_manifest_cache_evictions | Segment manifest cache eviction count |
kafka.tiered_storage.cache.segment_indexes_cache_size | Total size of the segment indexes cache |
kafka.tiered_storage.cache.segment_indexes_cache_hits | Segment indexes cache hit count |
kafka.tiered_storage.cache.segment_indexes_cache_misses | Segment indexes cache miss count |
kafka.tiered_storage.cache.segment_indexes_cache_evictions | Segment indexes cache eviction count |
Metrics specific to your cloud storage provider and to the Aiven remote storage manager are listed by backend below.
Amazon S3 tiered storage metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.tiered_storage.s3.get_object_requests_rate | Rate of S3 GetObject requests |
kafka.tiered_storage.s3.get_object_time_avg | Average latency of S3 GetObject requests (ms) |
kafka.tiered_storage.s3.delete_object_requests_rate | Rate of S3 DeleteObject requests |
kafka.tiered_storage.s3.upload_part_requests_rate | Rate of S3 UploadPart requests |
kafka.tiered_storage.s3.create_multipart_upload_time_avg | Average latency of S3 CreateMultipartUpload requests (ms) |
kafka.tiered_storage.s3.complete_multipart_upload_time_avg | Average latency of S3 CompleteMultipartUpload requests (ms) |
Google Cloud Storage tiered storage metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.tiered_storage.gcs.object_get_rate | Rate of GCS object get requests |
kafka.tiered_storage.gcs.object_delete_rate | Rate of GCS object delete requests |
kafka.tiered_storage.gcs.resumable_upload_initiate_rate | Rate of GCS resumable upload initiations |
kafka.tiered_storage.gcs.resumable_chunk_upload_rate | Rate of GCS resumable chunk uploads |
Azure Blob Storage tiered storage metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.tiered_storage.azure.blob_get_rate | Rate of Azure Blob get requests |
kafka.tiered_storage.azure.blob_upload_rate | Rate of Azure Blob upload requests |
kafka.tiered_storage.azure.blob_delete_rate | Rate of Azure Blob delete requests |
kafka.tiered_storage.azure.block_upload_rate | Rate of Azure Block upload requests |
kafka.tiered_storage.azure.block_list_upload_rate | Rate of Azure BlockList upload requests |
Aiven remote storage manager (RSM) tiered storage metrics
| Metric | Description |
|---|---|
kafka.tiered_storage.aiven.segment_copy_bytes_rate | Rate of bytes copied to remote storage (Aiven RSM) |
kafka.tiered_storage.aiven.segment_copy_time_avg | Average time to copy a segment to remote storage (ms) |
kafka.tiered_storage.aiven.segment_copy_time_max | Maximum time to copy a segment to remote storage (ms) |
kafka.tiered_storage.aiven.segment_delete_bytes_rate | Rate of bytes deleted from remote storage (Aiven RSM) |
kafka.tiered_storage.aiven.segment_delete_time_avg | Average time to delete a segment from remote storage (ms) |
kafka.tiered_storage.aiven.segment_delete_time_max | Maximum time to delete a segment from remote storage (ms) |
Configurable custom metrics
The following per-partition log metrics are not collected by default. You can enable them
by configuring the Datadog integration. These metrics are tagged with topic
and partition, enabling independent monitoring of each topic and partition:
kafka.log.log_sizekafka.log.log_start_offsetkafka.log.log_end_offset
Variables
Replace the following placeholders in the code samples:
| Variable | Description |
|---|---|
SERVICE_NAME | Aiven for Apache Kafka® service name |
INTEGRATION_ID | ID of the integration between Aiven for Apache Kafka® service and Datadog |
To find the INTEGRATION_ID parameter, run:
avn service integration-list SERVICE_NAME
Customize metrics for Datadog
Before customizing metrics, configure and enable a Datadog endpoint in your Aiven for Apache Kafka® service. For setup instructions, see Send metrics to Datadog.
Format any listed parameters as a comma-separated list:
['value0', 'value1', 'value2', ...].
To customize Datadog metrics, use the service integration-update command with the
kafka_custom_metrics parameter. Specify a comma-separated list of custom
metrics, such as kafka.log.log_size, kafka.log.log_start_offset, and
kafka.log.log_end_offset.
For example, to send the kafka.log.log_size and
kafka.log.log_end_offset metrics, run:
avn service integration-update \
-c 'kafka_custom_metrics=["kafka.log.log_size","kafka.log.log_end_offset"]' \
INTEGRATION_ID
After updating settings, view the collected metrics in the Datadog Metrics Explorer.
Customize consumer metrics for Datadog
Apache Kafka Consumer
Integration
collects metrics for message offsets. To customize the metrics sent from
this Datadog integration to Datadog, use the service integration-update command with
the following parameters:
-
include_topics: A comma-separated list of topics to include.noteBy default, all topics are included.
-
exclude_topics: A comma-separated list of topics to exclude.noteTo use
exclude_topics, specify at least oneinclude_consumer_groupsvalue. Otherwise,exclude_topicsdoes not take effect. -
include_consumer_groups: A comma-separated list of consumer groups to include. -
exclude_consumer_groups: A comma-separated list of consumer groups to exclude.
For example, to include topics topic1 and topic2, run:
avn service integration-update \
-c 'kafka_custom_metrics=["kafka.log.log_size","kafka.log.log_end_offset"]' \
-c 'include_topics=["topic1","topic2"]' \
INTEGRATION_ID
After updating settings, view the collected metrics in the Datadog Metrics Explorer.
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